What comes up in Leaving Cert Chemistry
We read every question of every Chemistry paper from 2017 to 2026 and noted the topics each one needs. Here is the full list, paper by paper and question by question, so you can see exactly where each topic has come up, and so teachers can check the counts printed in our Exam Ready workbooks.
New course. The Leaving Cert class of 2027 sits the new Chemistry specification (first examined in June 2027): a 300-mark written paper (60%) and the Chemistry in Practice Investigation (40%). These counts come from the old-course papers, 2017 to 2026; topics marked "not on new course" no longer apply, but most of the other old-course chemistry is still on the new course.
How we count. A topic counts for a question when at least one of its parts can't be answered without it. One question often needs two or three topics.
Every question printed. We count all the questions on the paper, including the ones students could choose to skip.
The years. There were no written exams in 2020: grades were calculated instead. The 2021 and 2022 papers had extra choice because of the pandemic.
A guide, not a prediction. The papers are set fresh each year. Use this to plan revision, not to skip topics.
Higher Level (old course): questions per topic
Each number is how many of that year's questions needed the topic. 99 questions in all.
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The mole & stoichiometry | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 36 |
| Mandatory experiment | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 35 |
| Bonding & molecular shapes | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 33 |
| Organic reactions & functional groups | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 32 |
| Atomic structure & the periodic table | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 27 |
| Redox & electrochemistry | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 25 |
| Water & the environment | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 22 |
| Hydrocarbons & fuels | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 21 |
| Thermochemistry | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 16 |
| Acids, bases & pH | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 16 |
| Volumetric analysis (titrations) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 14 |
| Rates of reaction | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 12 |
| Chemical equilibrium | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11 |
| Metals & crystals (not on new course) | – | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | – | 2 | 11 |
| Radioactivity (not on new course) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
| Instrumental analysis (not on new course) | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | – | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 9 |
| Industrial chemistry (not on new course) | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
Higher Level (old course), question by question
2026 · Higher Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Water of crystallisation in washing soda by acid titration | Volumetric analysis (titrations) a, b, c, dThe mole & stoichiometry d(iv), d(v)Mandatory experiment a, b, c, d |
| 2 | A | Ethyne preparation, making soap, ethanoic acid with magnesium | Hydrocarbons & fuels aOrganic reactions & functional groups b, cThe mole & stoichiometry c(ii)Mandatory experiment a, b, c |
| 3 | A | Swimming pool water: free chlorine, solids, anion tests | Water & the environment a, b, cMandatory experiment a, b, c |
| 4 | B | Short questions across the course (twelve parts this year) | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, b, eRadioactivity (not on new course) cBonding & molecular shapes dAcids, bases & pH fInstrumental analysis (not on new course) gWater & the environment h, l(A)The mole & stoichiometry iRedox & electrochemistry jOrganic reactions & functional groups kMetals & crystals (not on new course) l(B) |
| 5 | B | Ionisation energy trends, AsH3 bonding and polarity, reducing agents | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, b(i), cBonding & molecular shapes bRedox & electrochemistry c |
| 6 | B | Octane number, refining processes, pentane isomers, Claus process Hess | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, bThermochemistry c |
| 7 | B | Steam reforming of methane equilibrium: Kc and temperature | Chemical equilibrium a, b, c |
| 8 | B | Ethanol, ethene, ethane scheme; polythene; free radical chlorinationNote: c(ii) bond breaking as endothermic counted as thermochemistry | Organic reactions & functional groups a, b, cBonding & molecular shapes b(iii), b(iv)Thermochemistry c(ii) |
| 9 | B | NO2 decomposition graph, catalytic converters, platinum and methanolNote: b catalytic converters kept under rates only, not fuels or environment | Rates of reaction a, b, c |
| 10 | B | Flame tests and line spectra; ideal gas volume; benzoic acid yield | Atomic structure & the periodic table aMandatory experiment a(ii)The mole & stoichiometry b, c |
| 11 | B | Propanone from alcohol; balancing by oxidation numbers; Ka; CO2 or alumina | Organic reactions & functional groups aRedox & electrochemistry b, d(B)Acids, bases & pH c, d(A)Water & the environment d(A)Metals & crystals (not on new course) d(B) |
2025 · Higher Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Iron(II) in supplement tablets by permanganate titration | Volumetric analysis (titrations) a, b, c, d, eRedox & electrochemistry dMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e |
| 2 | A | Clove oil by steam distillation and solvent extraction of eugenol | Mandatory experiment a, b, cOrganic reactions & functional groups c(ii)Instrumental analysis (not on new course) c(iii)The mole & stoichiometry c(iv) |
| 3 | A | Oxygen from hydrogen peroxide with MnO2: graph, rates, catalysis | Rates of reaction a, b, c, dMandatory experiment a, b, c, d |
| 4 | B | Short questions across the course (twelve parts this year)Note: c ionic formulae counted as mole/formulae; j purity by melting point counted as the recrystallisation experiment; l(A) air separation counted as environment (atmospheric option) | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, b, dThe mole & stoichiometry c, e, f, hHydrocarbons & fuels gWater & the environment i, l(A)Mandatory experiment jRedox & electrochemistry kOrganic reactions & functional groups l(B) |
| 5 | B | Bromine isotopes and relative atomic mass, orbitals, covalent radius | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, b, cInstrumental analysis (not on new course) a(i) |
| 6 | B | Crude oil fractionation, reforming, hydrogen fuel, hydrazine Hess | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b(iii)Thermochemistry b, c |
| 7 | B | Brønsted-Lowry pairs, pH and Kw calculations, indicator choice | Acids, bases & pH a, b, c, dVolumetric analysis (titrations) d(ii) |
| 8 | B | Ethanol, ethanal, ethanoic acid scheme; isotope-labelled esterification | Organic reactions & functional groups a, b, c, dBonding & molecular shapes c(iv), c(v), c(vi)Acids, bases & pH d(ii) |
| 9 | B | Nitrosyl bromide equilibrium: Kc from percent decomposition, Le Châtelier | Chemical equilibrium a, b, cThe mole & stoichiometry b(i) |
| 10 | B | NF3 bonding and shape; ionic addition to ethene; effervescent tablet | Bonding & molecular shapes aOrganic reactions & functional groups bThe mole & stoichiometry c |
| 11 | B | Well water quality; heat of neutralisation; radium; nitrogen cycle or PbBr2Note: a(iv) nitrate test counted as anion-test mandatory experiment; b neutralisation counted as the mandatory experiment | Water & the environment a, d(A)Instrumental analysis (not on new course) a(v)Mandatory experiment a(iv), bThe mole & stoichiometry a(vii)Thermochemistry bRadioactivity (not on new course) cBonding & molecular shapes d(A)Redox & electrochemistry d(B) |
2024 · Higher Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Ethanoic acid in vinegar by titration with sodium hydroxide | Volumetric analysis (titrations) a, b, c, dMandatory experiment a, b, c, d |
| 2 | A | Recrystallising benzoic acid; oxidising ethanal; making soap | Organic reactions & functional groups b, cRedox & electrochemistry b(iv)Mandatory experiment a, b, c |
| 3 | A | Thiosulfate and acid: concentration and temperature effects on rate | Rates of reaction a, b, c, dThe mole & stoichiometry a(ii)Mandatory experiment a, b, c, d |
| 4 | B | Short questions across the course (twelve parts this year)Note: b phosphate test counted as anion-test mandatory experiment; l(A) CO2 dissolving counted as acids and environment | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, eMandatory experiment bThe mole & stoichiometry c, d, kWater & the environment e, h, l(A)Organic reactions & functional groups fHydrocarbons & fuels gRedox & electrochemistry iInstrumental analysis (not on new course) jAcids, bases & pH l(A)Metals & crystals (not on new course) l(B) |
| 5 | B | Balmer series, Bohr energy levels, Heisenberg, neon configuration | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, b |
| 6 | B | Octane isomerisation, cracking products and isomers, Hess's law | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, cThermochemistry d |
| 7 | B | Water-gas shift equilibrium: Kc, new start mixture, pressure, catalyst | Chemical equilibrium a, b, c |
| 8 | B | Ethene to ethane, chlorination mechanism, making PVC | Organic reactions & functional groups a, b, cBonding & molecular shapes a |
| 9 | B | Ammonia as a base, pH calculations, indicator, titration curve | Acids, bases & pH a, b, c, dVolumetric analysis (titrations) d |
| 10 | B | Balancing by oxidation numbers; Curie and polonium decay; rusting calculation | Redox & electrochemistry aRadioactivity (not on new course) bThe mole & stoichiometry b(vii), c |
| 11 | B | BF3 and PH3 polarity; naming oxygen compounds; hardness; ozone or blast furnaceNote: d(B) carbon monoxide as reducing agent counted as redox too | Bonding & molecular shapes aOrganic reactions & functional groups bWater & the environment c, d(A)Metals & crystals (not on new course) d(B)Redox & electrochemistry d(B) |
2023 · Higher Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Standard iron(II) solution and permanganate titration | Volumetric analysis (titrations) a, b, c, dRedox & electrochemistry c(ii)Mandatory experiment a, b, c, d |
| 2 | A | Preparing ethyne from calcium carbide; tests and combustion | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c, dThe mole & stoichiometry dMandatory experiment a, b, c, d |
| 3 | A | Heat of neutralisation in a polystyrene cup | Thermochemistry a, b, c, d, eThe mole & stoichiometry d(i)Mandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e |
| 4 | B | Short questions across the course (twelve parts this year)Note: b formulae from valency counted as mole/formulae; e diffusion counted as mole/gases; h enzyme counted as catalysis | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, dThe mole & stoichiometry b, e, g, kBonding & molecular shapes cInstrumental analysis (not on new course) fRates of reaction hOrganic reactions & functional groups iRedox & electrochemistry jWater & the environment l(A)Metals & crystals (not on new course) l(B) |
| 5 | B | Thomson to Bohr, bromine configuration, electronegativity trends | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, bBonding & molecular shapes b(iv), b(v) |
| 6 | B | Alkanes: pentane isomers, cracking, heat of combustion trend | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c, eThermochemistry d, e |
| 7 | B | Strong and weak acid pH; suspended solids; phosphate removal, nitrate testNote: d(ii) nitrate test counted as anion-test mandatory experiment | Acids, bases & pH a, bWater & the environment c, dMandatory experiment d(ii) |
| 8 | B | Scheme linking ethene, ethanol, ethanal, polymer; homologous boiling points | Organic reactions & functional groups a, b, c, dBonding & molecular shapes c(ii), e |
| 9 | B | PCl3, Cl2, PCl5 equilibrium: Kc, temperature, adding chlorine | Chemical equilibrium a, b, c, d |
| 10 | B | Benzene in petrol and its electrons; succinic acid moles; iodine-131 | Hydrocarbons & fuels aBonding & molecular shapes aThe mole & stoichiometry bRadioactivity (not on new course) cAtomic structure & the periodic table c(i) |
| 11 | B | Gas laws; electrolysis of KI; activation energy; NO2 or alumina | The mole & stoichiometry a, d(A)Redox & electrochemistry b, d(B)Rates of reaction cBonding & molecular shapes c(iv), d(A)Water & the environment d(A)Metals & crystals (not on new course) d(B) |
2022 · Higher Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Water hardness before and after a deioniser, edta titration | Volumetric analysis (titrations) b, c, d, eWater & the environment a, eMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e |
| 2 | A | Ethene preparation and tests; recrystallising impure benzoic acid | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, bOrganic reactions & functional groups bMandatory experiment a, b, c |
| 3 | A | Hydrogen peroxide decomposition with MnO2: volume-time graph | Rates of reaction a, b, c, dMandatory experiment a, b, c, d |
| 4 | B | Short questions across the course (twelve parts this year)Note: g nitrate ion test has no topic of its own; counted as the anion-test mandatory experiment | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, b, c, dThe mole & stoichiometry e, f, kMandatory experiment gRedox & electrochemistry iBonding & molecular shapes jHydrocarbons & fuels jAcids, bases & pH l(A)Water & the environment h, l(A)Metals & crystals (not on new course) l(B) |
| 5 | B | Gold foil experiment, isotopes, calcium configuration, radon decay | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, b, cRadioactivity (not on new course) d |
| 6 | B | Petrol versus diesel, octane number, hydrogen fuel cell bus, Hess | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, cThermochemistry c |
| 7 | B | Methanol synthesis equilibrium: Kc, catalyst, adding CO | Chemical equilibrium a, b, c, d |
| 8 | B | Acidity of carboxylic acids and ethanol; raspberry ester and isomer | Organic reactions & functional groups a, bAcids, bases & pH aBonding & molecular shapes b(iii), b(vii) |
| 9 | B | pH, Kw, mouthwash calculation, four acid titration curves | Acids, bases & pH a, b, c, dVolumetric analysis (titrations) d |
| 10 | B | Ideal gases and molar mass; electronegativity and shapes; combustion analysis | The mole & stoichiometry a, cBonding & molecular shapes bAtomic structure & the periodic table b |
| 11 | B | Oxidation numbers; ethanal tests; activation energy; ozone or corrosionNote: d(B) galvanising, sacrificial anodes and molten electrolysis counted as electrochemistry, not metals | Redox & electrochemistry a, b(v), d(B)Organic reactions & functional groups bBonding & molecular shapes b(vi), b(vii)Rates of reaction cThermochemistry c(iv)Water & the environment d(A) |
2021 · Higher Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Hypochlorite in bleach by iodine-thiosulfate titration | Volumetric analysis (titrations) a, b, c, d, eRedox & electrochemistry cMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e |
| 2 | A | Making soap from coconut oil by reflux and salting out | Organic reactions & functional groups a, b, c, d, eBonding & molecular shapes dThe mole & stoichiometry eMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e |
| 3 | A | Flame tests, bromine oxidising sulfite, metals displacing copperNote: b sulfate/sulfite anion test has no topic of its own; counted under the experiment and redox | Atomic structure & the periodic table aRedox & electrochemistry b, cMandatory experiment a, b, c |
| 4 | B | Short questions across the course (twelve parts this year) | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, b, cThe mole & stoichiometry d, g, hBonding & molecular shapes e, f, kThermochemistry fAcids, bases & pH iOrganic reactions & functional groups j, l(B)Hydrocarbons & fuels kIndustrial chemistry (not on new course) l(A) |
| 5 | B | Mendeleev and argon, covalent radius, ionisation energies | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, b, c |
| 6 | B | Hydrogen fuel, LPG, crude oil fractionation, ethanethiol heat of formation | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, cThermochemistry d |
| 7 | B | Acid theories, strong and weak acids, Ka from percent dissociation | Acids, bases & pH a, b, c, d |
| 8 | B | Isopropyl alcohol from propene or propanone; sanitiser concentration | Organic reactions & functional groups a, b, c, d, eBonding & molecular shapes b(iii), e(ii)The mole & stoichiometry e(i) |
| 9 | B | Haber process equilibrium graph, Kc and percentage ammonia | Chemical equilibrium a, b, c, dRates of reaction a |
| 10 | B | Shapes by electron pair repulsion; chloroethane rate graph; alloy calculation | Bonding & molecular shapes aRates of reaction bThe mole & stoichiometry c |
| 11 | B | Ethene prep; pig slurry BOD; atomic models; nitrogen cycle or metal extractionNote: four alternative parts this year; d(B) aluminium electrolysis counted as metals and electrochemistry | Hydrocarbons & fuels aOrganic reactions & functional groups a(iii)Bonding & molecular shapes a(iv), d(A)Mandatory experiment aWater & the environment b, d(A)Atomic structure & the periodic table cRadioactivity (not on new course) c(iii)Metals & crystals (not on new course) d(B)Redox & electrochemistry d(B) |
2019 · Higher Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Dissolved oxygen in a river by iodine-thiosulfate titration | Volumetric analysis (titrations) b, c, dWater & the environment a, dRedox & electrochemistry aMandatory experiment a, b, c, d |
| 2 | A | Tests on ethanoic acid and ethanal; ethene from ethanol | Organic reactions & functional groups a, b, cHydrocarbons & fuels cThe mole & stoichiometry c(iv)Mandatory experiment a, b, c |
| 3 | A | Molar mass of a volatile liquid; bromine versus water volatility | The mole & stoichiometry a, b, c, dBonding & molecular shapes eMandatory experiment a, b, c, d |
| 4 | B | Short questions across the courseNote: k(A) nitrogen's inertness counted as bonding (triple bond) | Atomic structure & the periodic table aRadioactivity (not on new course) bThe mole & stoichiometry c, iRedox & electrochemistry d, fBonding & molecular shapes e, k(A)Thermochemistry gInstrumental analysis (not on new course) hWater & the environment jOrganic reactions & functional groups k(B) |
| 5 | B | Mendeleev's table, atomic number, group trends, francium | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, b, c, d |
| 6 | B | Octane isomers, auto-ignition, cracking, tetraethyllead heat of combustion | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, cThermochemistry c(iii) |
| 7 | B | Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases; Kw against temperature, pHNote: b(ii) endothermic from Kw trend counted as equilibrium too | Acids, bases & pH a, bChemical equilibrium b(ii) |
| 8 | B | Alcohol boiling points graph, oxidation products, fruity ester | Organic reactions & functional groups a, b, cBonding & molecular shapes a(iii), c(ii) |
| 9 | B | Catalysed gas decomposition: average rate, surface adsorption, activation energy | Rates of reaction a, b, c, dChemical equilibrium e |
| 10 | B | Free radical chlorination of methane; orbitals; mercury thiocyanate calculation | Organic reactions & functional groups aAtomic structure & the periodic table bThe mole & stoichiometry c |
| 11 | B | Electronegativity and OF2 shape; BrCl equilibrium; greenhouse or crystals | Bonding & molecular shapes a, c(B)Atomic structure & the periodic table a(ii)Chemical equilibrium bWater & the environment c(A)Metals & crystals (not on new course) c(B) |
2018 · Higher Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Total water hardness by edta titration | Volumetric analysis (titrations) b, c, d, eWater & the environment a, fMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e, f |
| 2 | A | Soap by reflux, clove oil extraction, recrystallising benzoic acid | Organic reactions & functional groups aThe mole & stoichiometry b(v)Mandatory experiment a, b, c |
| 3 | A | Heat of neutralisation of HCl by NaOH in a cup | Thermochemistry a, b, c, d, eThe mole & stoichiometry d(i)Mandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e |
| 4 | B | Short questions across the course | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, b, cThe mole & stoichiometry d, iAcids, bases & pH eRedox & electrochemistry f, gOrganic reactions & functional groups hWater & the environment j, k(A)Metals & crystals (not on new course) k(B) |
| 5 | B | Mass spectrometer, magnesium isotopes, carbon-14 dating | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, cInstrumental analysis (not on new course) b, cRadioactivity (not on new course) d |
| 6 | B | Crude oil fractions, LPG odorant heat of combustion, reforming | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c, dThermochemistry b(iii) |
| 7 | B | NO2 decomposition: concentration-time graphs, instantaneous rate | Rates of reaction a, b, c, d |
| 8 | B | Butane, propanal, propanol, ethanoic acid: isomers and boiling points | Organic reactions & functional groups a, b, d, eBonding & molecular shapes a(ii), c |
| 9 | B | Phosgene equilibrium: Le Châtelier, Kc calculation | Chemical equilibrium a, b, c, d, e |
| 10 | B | Ethene and benzene addition; Bohr model; rust and phosphoric acid | Hydrocarbons & fuels aBonding & molecular shapes aAtomic structure & the periodic table bThe mole & stoichiometry c |
| 11 | B | CCl4 and CS2 bonding; pH and pH curves; industry or aluminaNote: c(B) alumina to aluminium by electrolysis counted as both metals and electrochemistry | Bonding & molecular shapes aAcids, bases & pH bVolumetric analysis (titrations) bIndustrial chemistry (not on new course) c(A)Metals & crystals (not on new course) c(B)Redox & electrochemistry c(B) |
2017 · Higher Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Standardising potassium manganate(VII) against ammonium iron(II) sulfate | Volumetric analysis (titrations) a, b, c, dRedox & electrochemistry bMandatory experiment a, b, c, d |
| 2 | A | Making ethene and ethyne, combustion and unsaturation tests | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c, d, eThe mole & stoichiometry eMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e |
| 3 | A | Thiosulfate and acid: concentration effect on rate, graphNote: c dilution concentrations counted as mole/concentration calculation | Rates of reaction a, b, c, d, eThe mole & stoichiometry cMandatory experiment b, c, d, e |
| 4 | B | Short questions across the courseNote: k(B) anodising counted as electrochemistry; h(i) formula from organic structure counted as organic | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, bRadioactivity (not on new course) cRedox & electrochemistry d, i, k(B)The mole & stoichiometry e, fBonding & molecular shapes gOrganic reactions & functional groups hInstrumental analysis (not on new course) hWater & the environment j, k(A) |
| 5 | B | Orbitals, atomic radius trends and successive ionisation energies | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, b, c, d, e |
| 6 | B | Methane, alkane boiling points, refining reactions, Hess's law | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c, dWater & the environment aBonding & molecular shapes bThermochemistry e |
| 7 | B | N2O4/NO2 equilibrium: Kc calculation and temperature effect | Chemical equilibrium a, b, c, d, e |
| 8 | B | Oxidation and reduction scheme of alcohols, ketone, aldehyde, ester isomerNote: a dichromate colour change counted as redox too | Organic reactions & functional groups a, b, c, d, eRedox & electrochemistry a |
| 9 | B | Brønsted-Lowry, pH of strong and weak acids, pH curve | Acids, bases & pH a, b, cVolumetric analysis (titrations) c |
| 10 | B | Volatile liquid molar mass; Rutherford gold foil; ethene plus HClNote: b gold-foil experiment counted as atomic structure (on new course); its alpha-particle part as radioactivity | The mole & stoichiometry aMandatory experiment aAtomic structure & the periodic table bRadioactivity (not on new course) bOrganic reactions & functional groups cBonding & molecular shapes c(ii) |
| 11 | B | Pigment mass calculation; electronegativity and shapes; air separation or polytheneNote: c(A) liquefying air is the atmospheric option, counted as environment; c(B) poly(ethene) counted as organic (addition polymers) | The mole & stoichiometry aBonding & molecular shapes bWater & the environment c(A)Organic reactions & functional groups c(B) |
Ordinary Level (old course): questions per topic
Each number is how many of that year's questions needed the topic. 99 questions in all.
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mandatory experiment | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 40 |
| Atomic structure & the periodic table | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 35 |
| Hydrocarbons & fuels | 2 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 30 |
| Water & the environment | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 27 |
| The mole & stoichiometry | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 26 |
| Organic reactions & functional groups | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 20 |
| Bonding & molecular shapes | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 19 |
| Redox & electrochemistry | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 16 |
| Rates of reaction | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 15 |
| Metals & crystals (not on new course) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 14 |
| Acids, bases & pH | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 10 |
| Volumetric analysis (titrations) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Thermochemistry | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | – | 1 | 9 |
| Chemical equilibrium | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Industrial chemistry (not on new course) | – | 2 | – | – | 2 | 1 | 2 | – | 2 | 9 |
| Radioactivity (not on new course) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | 8 |
| Instrumental analysis (not on new course) | 2 | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
Ordinary Level (old course), question by question
2026 · Ordinary Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Ethene from ethanol: suck-back, unsaturation test, structure and uses | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, cMandatory experiment a, b, c |
| 2 | A | HCl against NaOH titration, then a pure sample of salt | Volumetric analysis (titrations) a, b, c, dMandatory experiment a, b, c, d |
| 3 | A | Oxygen from hydrogen peroxide with a catalyst: apparatus and rate graphNote: c(iv) mentions HCl, apparently a slip for H2O2. | Rates of reaction a, b, cMandatory experiment b, c |
| 4 | B | Twelve short items: nucleus, ions, clove oil, benzene, alkali metalsNote: g hydrogen sulfide formula under mole/formulae; h clove oil as mandatory experiment. | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, e, f, kThermochemistry bInstrumental analysis (not on new course) cWater & the environment dThe mole & stoichiometry g, iMandatory experiment hHydrocarbons & fuels jIndustrial chemistry (not on new course) l(a)Metals & crystals (not on new course) l(b) |
| 5 | B | Electronegativity and BCl3 bonding and shape; periodic trends; ionic bonding | Bonding & molecular shapes a, b, cAtomic structure & the periodic table b |
| 6 | B | Five hydrocarbons: naming, LPG, ethyne combustion, butane isomers | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c, d |
| 7 | B | River water: hardness tests, chloride test, acidity and pH | Water & the environment a, bMandatory experiment aAcids, bases & pH c |
| 8 | B | Chloroethane, ethene, ethanol, ethanal scheme: names and reaction typesNote: c(ii) solubility of ethanol counted as bonding. | Organic reactions & functional groups a, b, c, dBonding & molecular shapes c |
| 9 | B | Contact process equilibrium; diffusion of SO2; combined gas law | Chemical equilibrium aThe mole & stoichiometry b, c |
| 10 | B | Chlorine and iron(II) redox; radioactivity; magnesium and acid moles | Redox & electrochemistry aRadioactivity (not on new course) bThe mole & stoichiometry c |
| 11 | B | Flame tests; octane and leaded petrol; sewage cloze; industry or PVC | Atomic structure & the periodic table aMandatory experiment aHydrocarbons & fuels bWater & the environment cIndustrial chemistry (not on new course) d(a)Organic reactions & functional groups d(b) |
2025 · Ordinary Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Making soap by reflux, distillation and brine precipitation | Organic reactions & functional groups a, dMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e |
| 2 | A | Standard sodium carbonate titrated against hydrochloric acid | Volumetric analysis (titrations) a, b, c, dMandatory experiment a, b, c, d |
| 3 | A | Thiosulfate and acid cross test: rate against concentration | Rates of reaction a, bMandatory experiment a, b |
| 4 | B | Twelve short items: flame colour, radii, Charles, chromatography, diffusionNote: k diffusion under mole/gas; l(b) Davy electrolysis as electrochemistry. | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, bBonding & molecular shapes c, eThe mole & stoichiometry d, f, j, kHydrocarbons & fuels gInstrumental analysis (not on new course) hWater & the environment i, l(a)Redox & electrochemistry l(b) |
| 5 | B | Historical atomic models and carbon isotopes | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, b, c |
| 6 | B | Six hydrocarbons: classifying, propene, ethyne test, methane combustion | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c, d |
| 7 | B | Potassium with water, testing a base, pH and aquarium adjustment | Acids, bases & pH a, b, cThe mole & stoichiometry b |
| 8 | B | Ethene reaction scheme: polymer, dehydration, additions, oxidation | Organic reactions & functional groups a, b, c, d |
| 9 | B | Zinc and copper sulfate half equations; electrolysis of water | Redox & electrochemistry a, b, c |
| 10 | B | Sewage stages; particles and states of matter; boron carbide molesNote: b states of matter under mole/gas, ion definition under atomic. | Water & the environment aAtomic structure & the periodic table bThe mole & stoichiometry b, c |
| 11 | B | Periodic table cloze; bonding types; HI equilibrium; carbon cycle or cans | Atomic structure & the periodic table aBonding & molecular shapes bChemical equilibrium cWater & the environment d(a)Redox & electrochemistry d(b)Metals & crystals (not on new course) d(b) |
2024 · Ordinary Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Ethyne preparation from calcium carbide; combustion equation and uses | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, cMandatory experiment a, b, c |
| 2 | A | Sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid titration with pipette technique | Volumetric analysis (titrations) a, b, cMandatory experiment a, b, c |
| 3 | A | Flame tests on chlorides; identifying carbonate, sulfate and chloride | Atomic structure & the periodic table aMandatory experiment a, b |
| 4 | B | Twelve short items: caffeine moles, isotopes, hazards, diffusion, aromaticsNote: f (hazard pictograms) fits no topic; i diffusion under mole/gas; l(b) X-ray crystallography as materials. | The mole & stoichiometry a, e, iBonding & molecular shapes bAtomic structure & the periodic table cThermochemistry dOrganic reactions & functional groups gWater & the environment hRedox & electrochemistry jHydrocarbons & fuels kIndustrial chemistry (not on new course) l(a)Metals & crystals (not on new course) l(b) |
| 5 | B | Electronegativity trends; NF3 greenhouse gas bonding and shape | Bonding & molecular shapes a, bAtomic structure & the periodic table a, bWater & the environment b |
| 6 | B | Butane isomers in LPG; E10 petrol and octane number | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b |
| 7 | B | Hydrogen peroxide and manganese dioxide rate; enzymes | Rates of reaction a, b, cMandatory experiment a, b |
| 8 | B | Ethene to ethanol, ethanal, ethanoic acid; Fehling's and magnesium | Hydrocarbons & fuels aOrganic reactions & functional groups a, b, c |
| 9 | B | Strong bases and neutralisation heat; pH of HCl and NaOH; water treatment | Acids, bases & pH a, bThermochemistry aWater & the environment c |
| 10 | B | Beetle pheromone empirical formula; NO2 equilibrium; radon-222 decay | The mole & stoichiometry aOrganic reactions & functional groups a(i)Chemical equilibrium bRadioactivity (not on new course) cAtomic structure & the periodic table c |
| 11 | B | Atom models and periodic table; gas laws; chromatography; industry or alloys | Atomic structure & the periodic table aThe mole & stoichiometry bInstrumental analysis (not on new course) cMandatory experiment cIndustrial chemistry (not on new course) d(a)Metals & crystals (not on new course) d(b) |
2023 · Ordinary Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Ethyne preparation: reagents, collection, structure, bromine and combustion tests | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c, dMandatory experiment a, b, c, d |
| 2 | A | Sodium carbonate against hydrochloric acid titration and calculation | Volumetric analysis (titrations) a, b, c, dMandatory experiment a, b, c, d |
| 3 | A | Estuary water: suspended and dissolved solids, ion tests | Water & the environment aAtomic structure & the periodic table bMandatory experiment a, b |
| 4 | B | Twelve short items: isotopes, alpha, Boyle, calorimeter, soap reflux | Atomic structure & the periodic table aBonding & molecular shapes b, eRadioactivity (not on new course) cThe mole & stoichiometry d, f, jThermochemistry g, hWater & the environment i, l(a)Organic reactions & functional groups kMandatory experiment kRedox & electrochemistry l(b) |
| 5 | B | Mendeleev, lithium and neon structure, atomic radius trends | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, b, c |
| 6 | B | Methane leaks, natural gas, LPG, aromatic versus aliphatic | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c |
| 7 | B | Acids and bases, neutralisation equation, household base, pH | Acids, bases & pH a, b, c, d |
| 8 | B | Ethene to ethanol to ethanal to ethanoic acid schemeNote: b(ii) solubility via hydrogen bonding counted as bonding. | Organic reactions & functional groups a, b, c, dBonding & molecular shapes b |
| 9 | B | Calcium carbonate and acid rate by mass loss | Rates of reaction a, b, c, d |
| 10 | B | NaCl crystal and ions; magnesium-copper redox; magnesium nitride molesNote: a NaCl crystal lattice counted as materials (crystal types). | Bonding & molecular shapes aMetals & crystals (not on new course) aRedox & electrochemistry bThe mole & stoichiometry cRates of reaction c(i) |
| 11 | B | Drinking water treatment; Haber equilibrium; refining cloze; air or metalsNote: b(iv)-(v) Haber conditions counted as industrial chemistry. | Water & the environment a, d(a)Chemical equilibrium bIndustrial chemistry (not on new course) bHydrocarbons & fuels cBonding & molecular shapes d(a)Metals & crystals (not on new course) d(b)Redox & electrochemistry d(b) |
2022 · Ordinary Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Ethene by dehydration; oxidising phenylmethanol to benzoic acidNote: b is the benzoic acid preparation (higher-level mandatory experiment). | Hydrocarbons & fuels aOrganic reactions & functional groups bMandatory experiment a, b |
| 2 | A | Making a standard sodium carbonate solution and titrating HCl | Volumetric analysis (titrations) a, b, c, d, e, fMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e, f |
| 3 | A | Catalysed decomposition of stored hydrogen peroxide; rate graph | Rates of reaction a, b, cMandatory experiment a, b, c |
| 4 | B | Twelve short items: formulae, calorimeter, hard water, clove oilNote: g clove oil steam distillation counted as mandatory experiment; k phenol formula as organic. | Atomic structure & the periodic table aThe mole & stoichiometry b, c, iThermochemistry d, jWater & the environment eMandatory experiment f, gHydrocarbons & fuels hOrganic reactions & functional groups kIndustrial chemistry (not on new course) l(a)Metals & crystals (not on new course) l(b) |
| 5 | B | Octet rule, electronegativity, NaF ionic bonding, ammonia shape | Bonding & molecular shapes a, b, c, dAtomic structure & the periodic table c |
| 6 | B | Five hydrocarbons: naming, aromatics, uses, ethyne combustion | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c, d, e, f |
| 7 | B | Acid, base and pH; dilution effect on pH; pH cloze | Acids, bases & pH a, b |
| 8 | B | Glucose fermentation to ethanol; oxidation to ethanal and acidNote: a(i) enzyme counted as catalysis. | Organic reactions & functional groups a, b, cRates of reaction a |
| 9 | B | Flame test for sodium; redox and displacement reactions | Atomic structure & the periodic table aMandatory experiment aRedox & electrochemistry b, c |
| 10 | B | Hydrogen isotopes and tritium decay; N2O4 equilibrium; MOXIE moles | Atomic structure & the periodic table aRadioactivity (not on new course) aChemical equilibrium bThe mole & stoichiometry c |
| 11 | B | Sewage; volcano gas and Charles; chromatography; industry or materials | Water & the environment aThe mole & stoichiometry bInstrumental analysis (not on new course) cMandatory experiment cIndustrial chemistry (not on new course) d(a)Rates of reaction d(a)Metals & crystals (not on new course) d(b)Organic reactions & functional groups d(b) |
2021 · Ordinary Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Carbide lamp gas ethyne: preparation, collection, unsaturation, welding flame | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c, d, eMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e |
| 2 | A | NaOH and HCl titration, then making pure sodium chloride | Volumetric analysis (titrations) a, b, c, dThe mole & stoichiometry d(ii)Mandatory experiment a, b, c, d |
| 3 | A | Heat of neutralisation from a temperature-time graph | Thermochemistry a, b, c, eMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e |
| 4 | B | Twelve short items: isotopes, flare colour, radii, mercaptans, ppmNote: f (states of matter) placed under mole/gas behaviour; l(b) chromium plating as materials. | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, c, dRadioactivity (not on new course) bThe mole & stoichiometry e, f, gHydrocarbons & fuels hWater & the environment i, j, l(a)Organic reactions & functional groups kMetals & crystals (not on new course) l(b) |
| 5 | B | Electronegativity, bonding in BeO, H2 and O2 | Bonding & molecular shapes a, b, c, dAtomic structure & the periodic table c |
| 6 | B | Crude oil fractions, cracking, knocking and leaded petrol | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c, d, e |
| 7 | B | Acidic lake water pH adjustment; temporary hardness and softening | Acids, bases & pH aWater & the environment a, b |
| 8 | B | Reactions of ethene: additions, elimination, polymer; benzene | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, eOrganic reactions & functional groups b, c, d |
| 9 | B | Rate of zinc and hydrochloric acid using a gas syringeNote: Not a mandatory experiment (Zn/HCl). | Rates of reaction a, b, c, d |
| 10 | B | Atomic structure cloze; electrolysis of acidified water; AdBlue urea moles | Atomic structure & the periodic table aRedox & electrochemistry bRates of reaction c(i)The mole & stoichiometry c |
| 11 | B | Periodic table; seawater carbonate equilibrium; MgO; air or blast furnaceNote: b(iv) ocean acidification answered with Le Chatelier, not counted as environment; d(a)(iii) N2 inertness counted as bonding. | Atomic structure & the periodic table aChemical equilibrium bThe mole & stoichiometry cWater & the environment d(a)Bonding & molecular shapes d(a)Metals & crystals (not on new course) d(b) |
2019 · Ordinary Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Ethyne from calcium carbide: observations, bromine test, combustion, uses | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c, d, eMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e |
| 2 | A | Primary standard sodium carbonate titrated against hydrochloric acid | Volumetric analysis (titrations) a, b, c, d, e, fMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e, f |
| 3 | A | Dead Sea water: dissolved solids by evaporation, flame and chloride testsNote: Mandatory: total dissolved solids by evaporation, plus flame/anion tests. | Water & the environment a, b, c, eAtomic structure & the periodic table dMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e, f |
| 4 | B | Eleven short items: Bohr, Boyle, alpha particle, octane, sewageNote: k(b) transition elements placed under periodic table. | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, k(b)The mole & stoichiometry b, e, gRadioactivity (not on new course) cRedox & electrochemistry dRates of reaction fHydrocarbons & fuels hWater & the environment i, j, k(a) |
| 5 | B | Electron shells, electronegativity, water and ionic compound X, Mendeleev | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, b, eBonding & molecular shapes c, d |
| 6 | B | Four hydrocarbons: naming, LPG, benzene hazard, ethene preparation diagram | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c, d, eMandatory experiment e |
| 7 | B | Rate of eggshell and acid reaction by mass lossNote: Not a mandatory experiment (CaCO3/HCl by mass loss). | Rates of reaction a, b, c, d |
| 8 | B | Methanol, methanal, methanoic acid: uses, geometry, oxidation, combustion | Organic reactions & functional groups a, b, c, d, e, f |
| 9 | B | Acid and base definitions, pH and pOH; drinking water treatment | Acids, bases & pH a, bWater & the environment c |
| 10 | B | Oil refining cloze; SO3 equilibrium; silver tarnish moles | Hydrocarbons & fuels aChemical equilibrium bThermochemistry b(ii)The mole & stoichiometry c |
| 11 | B | Magnesium isotopes; balloon gases; nitrogen cycle or corrosion and ironNote: b mixes Avogadro, noble gas stability and natural gas. | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, bThe mole & stoichiometry bHydrocarbons & fuels bWater & the environment c(a)Redox & electrochemistry c(b)Metals & crystals (not on new course) c(b) |
2018 · Ordinary Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Ethene preparation from ethanol: suck-back, unsaturation and combustion tests | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c, d, eMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e |
| 2 | A | Sodium carbonate standard solution titrated against HCl | Volumetric analysis (titrations) a, b, c, d, e, fMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e, f |
| 3 | A | Rate of hydrogen peroxide decomposition with manganese dioxide catalyst | Rates of reaction a, b, c, dMandatory experiment a, b, c, d |
| 4 | B | Eleven short items: Mendeleev, pH, ppm, beta decay, C60Note: b catalytic converter metal placed under catalysis; k(a) fullerene (an allotrope of carbon, on the new course) placed under Bonding; was materials. | Atomic structure & the periodic table aRates of reaction bRedox & electrochemistry cThe mole & stoichiometry d, gAcids, bases & pH eThermochemistry fWater & the environment h, iRadioactivity (not on new course) jIndustrial chemistry (not on new course) k(b)Bonding & molecular shapes k(a) |
| 5 | B | Argon, dot-cross F2 and O2, bonding types from melting points | Atomic structure & the periodic table aBonding & molecular shapes b, c, d, e |
| 6 | B | Table of hydrocarbons: naming, series, benzene, ethyne, methane | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c, d, e, fWater & the environment f |
| 7 | B | Hard water causes and effects; drinking water treatment chemicals | Water & the environment a, b |
| 8 | B | Ethene to ethanol to ethanal to ethanoic acid schemeNote: a includes naming ethene (W), counted under hydrocarbons too. | Hydrocarbons & fuels aOrganic reactions & functional groups a, b, c, d, e, f |
| 9 | B | Redox of potassium and chlorine; flame and chloride tests | Redox & electrochemistry a, bAtomic structure & the periodic table c, eMandatory experiment c, d |
| 10 | B | Acid-base cloze; atomic and mass number of chlorine; N2O moles | Acids, bases & pH aAtomic structure & the periodic table bThe mole & stoichiometry c |
| 11 | B | States of matter and Boyle; SO2Cl2 equilibrium; metals/plastics or industryNote: a: diffusion and Boyle as gas behaviour (mole), atom vs ion as atomic structure. | The mole & stoichiometry aAtomic structure & the periodic table aChemical equilibrium bMetals & crystals (not on new course) c(a)Organic reactions & functional groups c(a)Industrial chemistry (not on new course) c(b) |
2017 · Ordinary Level (old course) · 11 questions
| Q | Section | What it asks (our summary) | Topics, with the parts that need them |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | Ethene and ethyne tests, then chromatography of an indicator mixtureNote: Mandatory: ethene/ethyne properties and chromatography of indicators. | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, bInstrumental analysis (not on new course) cMandatory experiment a, b, c |
| 2 | A | HCl against NaOH titration: apparatus, indicator, average titre, concentrationNote: Mandatory: HCl/NaOH titration. | Volumetric analysis (titrations) a, b, c, d, eMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e |
| 3 | A | Heat of neutralisation of HCl and NaOH in an insulated cupNote: Mandatory: heat of reaction of HCl with NaOH; d is hazard symbols only. | Thermochemistry a, b, eMandatory experiment a, b, c, d, e |
| 4 | B | Eleven short items from Curie to ppm and steelNote: h (diffusion) placed under mole/gas behaviour; k(a)/k(b) are options A/B. | Radioactivity (not on new course) aAtomic structure & the periodic table b, dRedox & electrochemistry c, jThe mole & stoichiometry e, f, hOrganic reactions & functional groups gWater & the environment i, k(a)Metals & crystals (not on new course) k(b) |
| 5 | B | Element definition, Mendeleev, isotopes of carbon, neon and fluorine shells | Atomic structure & the periodic table a, b, c, d |
| 6 | B | Methane and butane as fuels: sources, alkanes, refining, octane | Hydrocarbons & fuels a, b, c, d, e |
| 7 | B | Ionic bonding cloze, flame test colours, chloride precipitate testNote: Flame test and anion test counted as mandatory experiments. | Bonding & molecular shapes aAtomic structure & the periodic table bMandatory experiment b, c |
| 8 | B | Ethanol, ethanal and ethanoic acid in the body; GC detectionNote: a: solubility of ethanol counted as bonding (hydrogen bonding). | Organic reactions & functional groups a, b, c, dBonding & molecular shapes aInstrumental analysis (not on new course) e |
| 9 | B | Liver enzyme decomposing hydrogen peroxide: catalysts, apparatus, rate graphNote: Mandatory: oxygen from H2O2 rate study (liver not MnO2). | Rates of reaction a, b, c, d, eMandatory experiment c, d, e |
| 10 | B | Sewage treatment; covalent bonding in water; airbag sodium azide moles | Water & the environment aBonding & molecular shapes bThe mole & stoichiometry c |
| 11 | B | SO3 equilibrium; pH scale; greenhouse/ozone or metals and corrosionNote: c(b) aluminium recycling and gold use counted as materials and metals. | Chemical equilibrium aAcids, bases & pH bWater & the environment c(a)Redox & electrochemistry c(b)Metals & crystals (not on new course) c(b) |
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